The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass The...

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave details the progression of a slave to a man, and thus, the formation of his identity. The narrative functions as a persuasive essay, written in the hopes that it would successfully lead to â€Å"hastening the glad day of deliverance to the millions of [his] brethren in bonds† (Douglass 331). As an institution, slavery endeavored to reduce the men, women, and children â€Å"in bonds† to a state less than human. The slave identity, according to the institution of slavery, was not to be that of a rational, self forming, equal human being, but rather, a human animal whose purpose is to work and obey the whims of their â€Å"master.† For these reasons, Douglass articulates a distinction†¦show more content†¦The effect of this passage, in addition to introducing the idea that slaves were considered to be no more civilized than animals, is an emphasis on Douglass’s lack of a human identit y. As a slave, his role was that of an animal whose purpose was to work for his â€Å"master.† This internalization of the animal/slave role is accentuated further when Douglass discusses the slave’s notion of time as â€Å"planting-time, harvest-time, cherry-time, spring-time, or fall-time† (Douglass 255). The institution of slavery, which forced the comparison of slave to animal, required the slave to consider time in terms of his master—time to work, time to plant, time to harvest. Thus, slaves were unable to utilize a concept of time of their own making to identify themselves because their concepts of time reflected what was important to their â€Å"masters† and not to themselves. By representing the slaves as relying on their â€Å"masters’† wishes to identify themselves, Douglass emphasizes the comparison between slave and animals. Not only does the slave concept of time reflect the desire of the â€Å"masters’† to have the slaves view time in terms of work, but it also reflects the â€Å"masters’† refusals to allow slaves to define themselves historically. Douglass writes that slaves were unable to articulate their ages, the dates of births and deaths of family members, and their lengths of service. He is also unable to form his identity based onShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Slave Narrative By Frederick Douglass1646 Words   |  7 PagesWithin a slave narrative, the identity of the writer greatly affects the perspective of the story and the message that the author wishes to convey. For a narrative of this nature, to send its meaning directly and efficiently it must be able to illustrate the individual struggle of the writer as well as create a clear line between what it means to be a slave and what it means to be free. These identities of the author not only conflict with the image of self but also help to illuminate the strugglesRead MoreThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: the Formation of Iden2208 Words   |  9 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An Analysis of the Formation of Identity You have seen how a man was made a slave; you will now see how a slave was made a man. Ââ€"Frederick Douglass The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave details the progression of a slave to a man, and thus, the formation of his identity. The narrative functions as a persuasive essay, written in the hopes that it would successfully lead to hastening the glad day of deliveranceRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesIdentity is defined as the qualities or beliefs that make a particular person different from another. Often in African American literature the protagonist have a moment where they recognize their blackness as apart of their identity and often experience pain due to society s estimation of their inferiority due to their blackness. The â€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass† is about how Frederick Douglass overcomes the struggles of slavery. The experience of slavery is a continuous fight forRead MoreMajor Themes Of Us History During Slavery Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesaccording to as he pleases as long as it is in agreement with His teachings. Fellow human beings could not have control over their fellow men because it was against God’s will. A state whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune is known as slavery. The history of slavery dates back to creation times where the Israelites were taken as slaves by the Egyptians. In the U.S., slavery began in the early 17th century and existed for about 250 years. Most ofRead MoreYour Freedom Is Not Free Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerning the liberty of body and soul are heavily connected to the formation of individual and cultural identity in American literary history. Certain nineteenth century American writers stand out for their real-life dedication to freedom and non-conformity for seeking to free themselves from whatever shackles limited them from reaching their potentials, both literally and figuratively. Henry David Thoreau, Fredrick Douglass, and Ralph Waldo Emerson are exemplary writers of the nineteenth centuryRead MoreTranscendentalism, A Powerful Intellectual And Philosophical Movement1781 Words   |  8 Pageswriters and intellectuals such as Frederick Douglass, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson have adopted Emerson’s views on individuality and have expressed these ideals through their work. The spirit of individuality and self-reliance, key principles of Transcendentalism, are noted in Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"Song of Myself† and Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Nature (790).† Through their literary work, Douglass, Whitman, and Dickinson share commonalitiesRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass Essay1851 Words   |  8 PagesFrederick Douglass was an orator and writer for the abolition movement. He was born into slavery and knows from personal experience how the institution dehumanizes everyone involv ed. His masters’ wife taught him the alphabet which was the start of Douglass learning how to write and speak out against slavery. His Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass was an attempt to describe the peculiar institution of slavery with out disrupting the sensibilities of his readers. In order to accomplishRead MoreEssay The Benevolent Master2098 Words   |  9 PagesThe Benevolent Master I. The black identity during the nineteenth century in America was one based on a position of inferiority. The inferiority of slaves to their masters was expressed in several different ways, but all were designed to secure a dependent relationship of the slave to the master. Masters often viewed their slaves as deserving of a moral or religious upbringing, and saw themselves as responsible for completing this task. Paternalism transformed the relationship of slave andRead MoreAnalysis Of Sapphire Along The Spectrum Of The Slave Narrative And The Neoslave Narrative2945 Words   |  12 PagesThis essay attempts to position Push by Sapphire along the spectrum of the slave narrative and the neoslave narrative in terms of African American literary tradition. It focuses on Precious’s parental abuse, neglect, sexual assault and journey to literacy. It will attempt to draw out similarities between this character’s abuse and the violent history of slavery. It will use the slave a nd neoslave narratives in Push to connect contemporary issues in black society, such as rape, labour, illiteracyRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesAmerican Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw

My Life As A College Student Essay - 1134 Words

My life as a college student, especially as a freshman, is one often filled with questioning. It was hard to rationalize how I’d made it thus far, a bulky backpack overflowing with books and black gel pens, a head full of dreams, and a list of possibilities that seemed far too endless. Now I find myself wondering about my looming future as an English major with same frequency as I question what I feel like eating today when standing in line for food at KR’s. How did I get to Southern Adventist University with these specific goals in mind? I often delve into my limited past with the role of a detective in mind, gathering evidence to paste on walls and eventually string together. My childhood was one that can hardly be remembered, and my adolescent years are ones that I can recall fondly. In all honesty, I don’t think I could have gotten to this point without the hard work that my family, friends, and others put into my growth. There are others who have suffered gr eatly without the love and encouragement that I received. In fact, successful psychological development is characterized by differing forms of emotional and verbal interaction from children and adults throughout the stages of psychosocial development, particularly at childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Without exposure to certain human interactions, the Stages of Psychosocial Development cannot be completed. Childhood, the beginning stage, is the one that has the most impact on proper development. This is theShow MoreRelatedMy Life As A College Student Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of the last semester, I grew tremendously, not just as a writer but as a student. I learned skills and tactics that will last me throughout my life and will benefit me once I begin the next four years of my life as a college student. 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My college experience is unlike any other because I am a quadriplegic. Quadriplegia is damage to the spinal cord around the area of one’s skull and neck, (Nathalie Smith, 2013). I can’t use any of my limbs, my arms and legs are basically useless to me. My wheelchair is what gets me around, I depend on it. (Jà ³zefowski, P., Bolach, E) 1. There are many things I can’t do. I’m not given the opportunity to liveRead More Personal Narrative: My Life as a College Student Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesMy Life As a College Student Making the Transition When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one student to dissolve the bonds which have held him to his high school life, he can get fairly intimidated. Making the transition from high school to college can be a tough one. I remember my experience in such a transition vividly, as it was only a short time ago. 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Also, since I am taking college level courses, I can transfer the credits I ea rn here to the college I plan on attending next year. Aside from these factors, I personally thought it would be a good opportunity to see what college is like and to get a feel for what I like and dislike about college life. Mills’ Theory can be describedRead MoreI Am the Master of my Fate1256 Words   |  6 Pagesand pressures. For a college student like me though, these pressures can seem impossible to survive, the trick lies in the ability to overcome them. I cannot make college pressures disappear, but what I can do is make financially savvy decisions, prioritizing what I invest my time in, and keep myself motivated ultimately taking charge of my life. William Zinsser, in the article â€Å"College Pressures† (1979), explains that college students face four major pressures in college, but suffer the mostRead MoreCollege And High School Are Two Very Distinct Learning Environments891 Words   |  4 PagesCollege and high school are two very distinct learning environments. For starters, in high school, there are four grade divisions and in each grade the students are in about the same age group whereas in college there are students of all ages. I have taken into consideration the obvious differentiations. Nevertheless, I have done research and quite a lot of reading about what to expect from college. An unknown author from the bigfuture by The College Board website wrote the article â€Å"What to ExpectRead MoreWhy College Is Not Home Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesany incoming college student. Within a matter of few short weeks, home goes from the house that you grew up in to the room you share with a stranger and live out of. The main purpose of college is to prepare young adults for the professional world. For many first year student’s college is the first time that they are living without some type of parental supervision. This is meant to help them grow and mature in to a full adult and prepare them for professional life. The more a student feels at home

Disney Company one of the world leaders in media Essay Example For Students

Disney Company one of the world leaders in media Essay tel entertainment, company branded consumer goods, and theme parks and resorts signed the agreement with Hong Kong concerning the opening of a Disneyland amusement park in Hong Kong in the year 2005. This case study only concentrates one of the business fields explored by the Disney Company theme parks and resorts. The Disney Company occupies a strong position developed in the international business world over the years. Their outstanding success is based on several internal principles. One of them is Disney culture, whereby the company relies heavily on its heritage and traditions, ensures the companys quality standards, demonstrates the former two in their behavior. Another one of the principles is the so-called performance excellence as regards the companys responsibilities towards its clients, its employees, and its shareholders and other businesses. Yet another important factor contributing to the companys success is their marketing policy. The Disney company has a wide range of products and services of an exceptionally high quality, which allows them to employ premium pricing and promotion strategies. These factors, as well as the fact of having had several experiences on the international market, allows the Disney company to be confident of their intention to go abroad again. Hong Kong, which has become a part of China after 150 years of British ruling, is monitored to be one of the largest and most active economies in Asia and in the world. The analysis on Hong Kongs economy show convincing figures of stable growth and development. These facts make Hong Kong a highly attractive market for Disneys expansion with the aim of bringing the vision of happiness to the whole world. Furthermore, Hong Kong is considered to be a major international trading, financial center in the world, and the most famous tourist destination in Asia. A highly favorable taxation system that exists in the country, and the absence of direct competitors for a theme park like Disneys, add to the factors that are important for the Disney company in order to achieve their objectives. The set-backs of the Hong Kong market exploration are mainly of political nature and are concerned with the relationship between China and the USA. However, the peoples perception of western ideology is said to be strongly positive. This is advised to be used as a theme for the promotion campaign conducted by Disney on the Hong Kong target market. The latter is to be the people who are young or young in heart, where the western tendencies are in particularly affective. Thus, the company is advised to adopt its promotion policy to suit the new market better in order to achieve better results and avoid confusions. The media to be used in the promotion activities are recommended to act in consensus with the companys overall image, thus being highly perceived TV channels, local and international magazines and newspapers. The marketing costs are therefore budgeted to be quite high and are expected to be covered while employing the objective-and-task promotion budgeting method, which is viewed to be affordable for the Disney company. Other aspects of the marketing strategy do not need to be changed/adopted, since considered to be internationally successful, as well as control systems, which include certain standard procedures that the company employs all over the world. 2. INTRODUCTION I1. INTRODUCTION In 1928, Walt Disney started as an animator drawing short black-and-white cartoons. Today, Disneys main businesses are television, cinema entertainment, and theme parks. Disney owns national TV channels and radio stations that broadcast all around the USA. Since 1991 Disney cooperates with Pixar, a company specialized in computer animation, and together they produce and publish exclusively animated movies (e.g. Toy Story). In 1945 its first theme park Disneyland was opened in Anaheim, California, USA, followed by Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, USA, in 1971. In 1983, the first international Disneyland opened to the public in Tokyo, Japan, and in 1992, the corporation expanded its business to Paris, Europe. Furthermore, Disney operates a theme Cruise Ship since 1998. The company has been very successful with its theme park business. However, Disney was confronted with a major crisis in its past when first operating its EuroDisney park near Paris. Insufficient knowledge of the European culture and the buying behavior of potential visitors of the theme park led to an overestimation of the number of visitors and their spending in the park. In addition, operating costs turned out to be higher than expected. The company was able to overcome this crisis. The park now operates under the name Disneyland Paris and its operating income contributes to the high success of the theme park business. In November 1999 the Walt Disney Corporation and Hong Kong signed the first agreements concerning the opening of a Disneyland amusement park in Hong Kong in the year 2005. The undertaking will be a joint venture between the Walt Disney Company and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. Disney will own 43% of the shares and Hong Kong 57%. Both parties are optimistic that this co-operation will result in a win-win situation. Hong Kong is going to invest a high amount of money in the venture both directly and indirectly. Directly by investing in the construction of the park itself, and indirectly by renewing the infrastructure of the city to the park and investing in a new tourism strategy, that enhances the citys attractiveness as an international tourist destination. In return, Disney will market the new effectively. Hong Kong expects this East-meets-West attraction to bring the tourism to a new boom. Especially visitors from the mainland of China are predicted to visit Hong Kong and the park. Disney claims to have enough experience to open another theme park outside the United States. Failures and successes while expanding their amusement park business to Tokyo and Paris helped them to make more accurate predictions on the new project. This win-win situation has led to an agreement about Disneyland Phase I (which will include a Disney theme park, a Disney theme resort hotel complex, and a retail, dining and entertainment centre). 3. INTERNAL ANALYSIS 3. 1. MISSION STATEMENT We will deliver magical and memorable entertainment experiences which create a sense of joy and wonderment for our Guests and consistently exceed their expectations. We will continue to be recognized globally as the premier entertainment and hospitality organization by mobilizing our team spirit to perfect our talents and abilities, and to perpetuate our rich Disney legacy. This will be evident to our Guests, fellow Employees, shareholders, and community and business partners through our words and deeds. It is the companys mission to provide a reasonable return to their shareholders, and to increase the value of their investment. At the same time, Disney must be sure to protect the business and reputation of the company, so that it can meet the expectations of the shareholders, guests, customers, employees and employees. 3.2. OBJECTIVES Disneys idea is to attract more than five million tourists to the park within the first year of business, which is expected to rise to 10 million per year after 15 years. The company intends to provide Hong Kong with a net economic benefit of up to $148 billion over 40 years. Additionally, the park will create thousands of jobs, enrich the quality of life, and enhance Hong Kongs international image. 3. 3. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION 3.3.1. The Disney Culture The company has its own Disney Culture consisting of a rich heritage, traditions, quality standards, and values that create a unique environment. This specific culture is an important factor to its success. A Disney employee needs to commit himself to these characteristics when going to work every day, in order to make the experience of a magical vacation possible for the visitors. The company believes that the success in the family entertainment business is directly attributed to the individual contributions of the entire team of employees. Performance in this context stresses the entertainment, and Excellence the company wants to be synonymous for Disney. 3.3.2. Implementation of Disneys mission culture In order to provide a perfect show every day the employees have to realize that they are part of the entertainment. Disney places great emphasis on the personal commitment of each and every employee to the companys mission. A person employed by Disney is not only supposed to identify himself with the company, he is also supposed to feel welcome and comfortable at his working area and important for the organization. Another significant aspect is the Disney look, which is a very strict guideline that the cast has to follow. In order to make a professional impression there are rules about the personal appearance when going on-stage. The policy include the prohibition of tattoos, certain hairstyles, and conspicuous jewelry, regulations about make up, deodorant, and the length of fingernails and skirts, and it is even mentioned that Employees are required to wear appropriate undergarments at all times. Employees always wear name tags in order to personalize a conversation. Disney is well aware of the fact that a great success in the past does not guarantee a great success in the future, especially if a company is not open to changes. Therefore the company measures their guests satisfaction on a regular basis, and asks employees to come up with suggestions on how to make the business more efficient. Disney puts great emphasis on recognition for suggestions and high effort on the job. To facilitate the upward communication, every member within the organization may be addresses by his/her first name. Additionally, the company hands out evaluation forms regarding work, management and suggestions. Aristotle And Politics Essay The United States of America is Hong Kongs second largest trading partner. In January July 1999 total trade with the US accounted to USD 29.1 billion, down 5.7% over January July 1998. The European Union is the third largest trading partner. Between January July 1999 the total volume of transactions with the EU accounted to USD 24.3 billion, a drop of 11.7% over January July 1998. In January July 1999 imports totalled USD 98.2 billion, a 10.1% decrease over the same time in 1998.The total exports to Japan rose by 0. 9% in real terms in January July 1999, compared with 1998. 4.5.2. Incoming Visitors to Hong Kong (Figures from Hong Kong Tourist Association) Hong Kong was the most popular tourist destination in Asia in 1998. The total tourism receipts in 1998 (in whole Asia) amounted 7,1 billion and in the first half of 1999 amounted 3.2 billion. There were 9. 57 million visitors arriving to Hong Kong in 1998, an 8% decrease over 1997. From January end of August 1999 there were 6.9 million visitors arrivals, an 11% increase over the same period in 1998. Graph 1: Visitors in Hong Kong (x 1,000,000) 4. 5.3. Radio and Television Hong Kong has two commercial television licenses. Television Broadcasters Limited and Asia television Limited. Each provides one Chinese and one English language channel. On average they transmit more than 550 hours of programming weekly, reaching more than 6 million viewers, or more than 1.9 million television householders. Also Hong Kong has 13 radio channels broadcast by three operates seven by Radio Television Hong Kong and 3 each by Hong Kong Commercial Broadcasting Company Limited and Metro Broadcast Corporation Limited. 4.5.4. Chinas view of the USA There is a contradiction between the official policy of the government and the peoples opinion about the western influence in the country. On the one hand the government is open for free trade with western nations, including the USA. On the other hand the influence of the western society in their Asian country is not liked to be seen. The population, however is more likely to be open about the western culture and tends to be enthusiastic about American products and the American philosophy and the western way of life. 4. 6. DEMAND ANALYSIS 4.6.1. Demand development The estimated number of visitor to the Hong Kong the me park in the first year of operation. This figure will gradually rise to around 10 million a year after 15 years, which is the full annual capacity. 4.6. 2. Product classification The experience to go to a theme park is non-durable (even though the company claims to offer durable memories). Disneys theme parks are specialty products, and people are willing to travel far and pay a lot of money to experience the magic. 4. 6.3. Segmentation analysis Disney expects visitors from all over the world: The mainland of China 27% Taiwan 19% Japan 10% South and Southeast Asia 12% The USA 8% The majority of the expected visitors are families with children. And, as mentioned before, the income level of the expected visitors is at least average. The company has to consider different life styles when segmenting the market. There are numerous potential customers that do not like the idea of an artificial perfect world. 4.7. INDUSTRY AND COMPETITION ANALYSIS In order to analyse the forces that influence the competitiveness of the Disney park in Hong Kong, Michael Porters 5-forces-model will be used: Direct competitors: Since there is no western-oriented amusement park in Hong Kong and around, there is no direct competitor for the Disney park in Hong Kong. Indirect competitors: Substitutes: There are a lot of possibilities to spend the free time. In Hong Kong there are a lot of museums, parks and restaurants. Besides, one could stay at home, visit friends or relatives, do sports, watch TV, play games or simply enjoy yourself. Potential entrants: A theme park requires high investment. Since the Disney parks are the most popular in the world, a company deciding to open another amusement park in the surrounding of Hong Kong will have a hard time (high entry barriers). However, famous park operator like the Universal Studios or Bush Gardens have enough financial power to enter the Asian market. Suppliers: Naturally the park will depend on Asian suppliers of e. g. food and beverages and on the prices they are setting. However, brands like Coca Cola are international companies and have been operating with the Disney company for numerous years, and will not ask for a price that will surprise Disney. In the park, Disney will hardly sell any specialty goods, so that the company will not depend on a certain supplier. For the most part Disney will sell company-manufactured merchandise and therefore this will not be a threat. Buyers: Disney depends on the people visiting the park. As already experienced with the park opened in Paris, a lot o studies on the buying behaviour of the visitors has to be conducted. It showed that European visitors tended to bring their own food to the parks and did not spend as much money on souvenirs as expected. In addition the Europeans were obviously not as excited about the park itself or more price sensitive as former considered, which resulted in a lot lower park attendance than estimated. The park was in high debt and almost had to be closed. 5. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS famous worldwide 55 years of experience in the theme park business, 17 of which in the international/Asian market high quality of service and products ability to attract a high amount of tourists ability to create a high amount of jobs for all levels of education WEAKNESSES low payment for a majority of the employees difficult to keep stuff ( high employees turnover) managers are not experienced enough to work in Hong Kong *** Difficult to persuade managers to move to Hong Kong OPPORTUNITIES after being successful with Phase I of the park (Disney theme park, a Disney themed resort hotel complex, and a retail, dining and entertainment centre) an expansion of the park is possible the population of China is said to be ent husiastic about western culture Hong Kong was occupied by Great Britain and is therefore influenced by and open for the western culture low taxes (simple taxation system) THREATS politics: o China as a communistic nation o relationship USA/China economical situation in the country (Asian crisis in 1997) low unemployment rate in Hong Kong (difficulties to find enough/right educated staff) possibility that the population of Hong Kong and/or China does not accept/like or is not enthusiastic about the park/the American culture represented by the park possibility of an unexpected low attendance in the park (compare the Paris scenario) due to unforeseen factors (such as underestimated costs) big famous amusement park companies (such as Universal Studios) might follow Disneys example and expand to Asia 6. PROBLEM DEFINITION Disney would like to expand internationally by targeting new markets. By doing this Disney would attract more new or recurring visitors to its parks, and therefore increase the revenues. Disney has to find an attractive and feasible market open to the Disney concept and culture. 6. 1. Analysis 6.1.1. Alternatives Disney chose to enter the Hong Kong market with a joint venture, but other possiblities exist to enter a foreign market: Franchising Subsidiary 6.1.2. Evaluating alternatives When evaluating the alternatives, we have to look at the things that are important to Disney. Disney wants: Control Good infrastructure Average risk Knowledge of the local market A high investment is not that important to Disney, because they are confident that they will be able to cover the costs with their operating income. Control Risk Infrastructure Market knowledge Costs Franchising reasonable low medium medium low Subsidiary Very high Very high medium high Extremely high Joint venture high high Very high high high As you can see from the table a joint venture would be the best solution for Disney. They still have control and reduce the risk and costs, because they share it with a partner. Because the partner is native, they have access to expertise and contacts in local markets. In this case, the best partner for Disney is the government of Hong Kong, because they can help them improve the infrastructure. 7. STRATEGIES 7.1. GROWTH STRATEGIES After opening the park Phase I (Disney theme park, a Disney themed resort hotel complex, and a retail, dining and entertainment centre) in 2005 the company will continue to develop their property and build new attractions, new resort hotels and other sorts of tourist destinations depending on the success of the Disneyland in the first years. 7.2. SEGMENTATION STRATEGIES Disney will mainly target families with at-least-average income. The company will aim for the young and young in heart, try to reach children, and appeal to adults memories of their childhood. 7.3. POSITIONING STRATEGIES Disney will continue to premium position its Hong Kong theme park. There is no need in lowering the perceived quality. Disneyland Hong Kong is supposed to be the happiest place on earth, just as the already existing parks. ThBibliography:

Theory Building Essay Essay Example

Theory Building Essay Essay Some of the theories used to explicate different facets of organisational direction include Maslow’s Hierarchical Theory of Needs and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory. Harmonizing to Maslow’s theory physiological demands supervene psychological demands. Maslow’s theory provinces that certain demands which are congenital internal motives influence the determinations made by persons ( Landy A ; Conte. 2006. p. 335 ) . His theory allowed for the environment to play a important function in motivated behaviour by proposing that one time a set of demands are satisfied by environmental forces. the following higher demands are activated in an person. As opposed to Maslow’s theory. Freud places accent on the function of an individual’s head [ specifically his unconscious head ] in the finding of an individual’s motive. Within Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory. an individual’s unconscious desires find his motives. Both theories can be used to explicate the motives behind individual’s actions and determinations within the field of concern. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Building Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Building Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Building Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How do propositions and hypotheses differ? Harmonizing to Zikmund ( 1988 ) a proposition is â€Å"a statement concerned with the relationship among constructs. It is an averment of a cosmopolitan connexion between events that have certain properties† ( p. 44 ) . As opposed to this. a hypothesis is â€Å"an unproved proposition or guess that tentatively explains certain facts or phenomena. It is a proposition that is through empirical observation testable† ( Zikmund. 1988. p. 45 ) . The chief difference between the two may be traced to the investigatory usage of a hypothesis as the hypothesis is used to look into and prove a claim. It is of import to observe that the hypothesis itself is a proposition ; the difference of a hypothesis from other propositions simply lies in its usage to verify or distort a claim. Given this context one might thereby province that although a hypothesis is a proposition non all propositions are hypotheses. How make constructs differ from variables? Harmonizing to Zikmund ( 1988 ) a construct refers to a â€Å"generalized thought about a category of objects. properties. happenings. or procedure that have been given a name† ( p. 41 ) . As opposed to this. a variable is â€Å"a construct whose value changes from instance to case† ( Macionis A ; Plummer. 2005. p. 51 ) . See for illustration the construct ‘price’ wherein ‘price’ refers to the value of an object. Within the context of the section shop. the ‘price’ of different objects differ from each other due to the differences of the factors used in finding the value of an object. In add-on to this although some constructs may match to a set of empirical steps. non all constructs do as opposed to variables that may match to two or more values. Remark on this statement: â€Å"There is nil every bit practical as a good theory. † A theory refers to a â€Å"coherent set of general propositions used to explicate the evident relationships among certain ascertained phenomena† ( Zikmund. 1988. p. 41 ) . Theories are of import as they provide a model for the analysis of a peculiar event. A theory may thereby supply an person with the necessary premises that may follow the ground for the happening of a peculiar event. In a sense. one might province that it provides an person with the causal account on how an event Q was caused by an event P. It is necessary nevertheless that the theory used for the account is a good theory. A good theory here refers to a theory whose â€Å"empirical content is less than or equal to the ‘logical content’† ( Boland. 1989. p. 56 ) . Such is the feature of a good theory since it ensures that the theory is through empirical observation verifiable and therefore testable. Given this context. there is nil every bit practical as a good theory since it ensures that one’s accounts for the happening of a peculiar event is continuously verifiable and hence testable and thereby easy proven to be valid easy. The 17th-century Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza said. â€Å"If the facts conflict with a theory. either the theory must be changed or the facts. † Harmonizing to Spinoza. when facts conflict with a theory there is a necessity to either alter the theory or alter the facts in order to guarantee the theory’s cogency. A theory is either formulated through the usage of inductive logical thinking or deductive logical thinking. Deductive concluding refers to â€Å"the logical procedure of deducing a decision about a specific case based on a known general premiss or something known to be true† ( Zikmund. 1988. p. 46 ) . Inductive logical thinking. on the other manus. refers to the â€Å"the logical procedure of set uping a general proposition on the footing of observation of peculiar facts† ( Zikmund. 1988. p. 47 ) . In the instance of a theory formulated utilizing a deductive statement. there is a demand to measure the cogency of propositions [ facts ] in order to guarantee the cogency and soundness of the statement. In the instance of inductive statements. the alteration or add-on of a proposition [ facts ] alterations the decision thereby taking to the alteration of the theory itself. Find another definition of theory. How is the definition you found similar to this book’s definition? How is it different? Kerlinger ( 1979 ) defines a theory as â€Å"a set of interconnected concepts ( variables ) . definitions. and propositions that presents a systematic position of phenomenon by stipulating dealingss among variables. with the intent of explicating natural phenomena† ( qtd in Creswell. 2002. p. 120 ) . As opposed to this Zikmund ( 1988 ) defines a theory as a â€Å"coherent set of general propositions used to explicate the evident relationships among certain ascertained phenomena† ( p. 41 ) . As can be seen above. both definitions note that a theory is composed of more abstract constituents in the signifier of propositions wherein each proposition is interrelated in such a manner that when combined together they formulate one coherent and systematic worldview. The difference of Kerlinger’s definition nevertheless may be traced to his add-on of what a theory is seeking to explicate that being ‘natural phenomena’ . Hence. Zikmund’s definition may be seen as showing a wide definition of a theory whereas Kerlinger narrows his definition by saying what a theory refers to. Mentions Boland. L. ( 1989 ) . The Methodology of Economic Model Building: Methodology After Samuelson. London: Routledge. Creswell. J. ( 2002 ) . Research Design: Qualitative. Quantitative. and Assorted Method Approaches. London: Sage. Landy. F. A ; J. Conte. ( 2006 ) . Work in the twenty-first Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. London: Routledge. Macionis. J. A ; K. Plummer. ( 2005 ) . Sociology: A Global Introduction. Neptunium: Pearson. Zikmund. W. ( 1988 ) . Business Research Methods. California: University of California Press.